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64th Congress 
1st Session 


} 


SENATE 


/ Document 
\ No. 363 


PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF 
THE UNITED STATES 


AN ARTICLE 


ON THE 

EXHAUSTION OF THE PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF THE 
UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE PRESENT AND 
FUTURE SUPPLY AND DEMAND, ALSO THE 
PRODUCTION OF THE PRINCIPAL OIL 
FIELDS OF THE UNITED STATES 


BY 

M. L. REQUA 

CONSULTING ENGINEER OF THE BUREAU OF MINES 



PRESENTED BY MR. PHELAN 
March 9, 1916— Referred to the Committee on Printing 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1916 






















EXHAUSTION OF THE PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF 

THE UNITED STATES. 


Secretary of the Interior Lane, in his annual report for 1915, in 
speaking of petroleum, says: 

An absolute government would prohibit a barrel of it being used for fuel before 
every drop of kerosene, gasoline, and other invaluable constituents have been taken 
from it. 

Few of us have read the report and fewer of us have given it a 
second thought. Our very prosperity makes us careless of the future; 
we feast and revel while the handwriting blazes on the wall in letters 
of fire, and we do not pay it even the cold compliment of a passing 
glance. As a nation, we are wasteful, apathetic, and forgetful. Wo 
waste our natural resources with shameful prodigality; we are apa¬ 
thetic of the future, and we forget that our reserves of natural wealth 
are by no means inexhaustible. 

We are prone to think of our coal supply as limitless and that even 
if the time ever does come when coal shall become scarce we can have, 
recourse to the hydroelectric resources of the Nation as the final 
source of heat and power. 

It is expected that the never-failing water of our streams and rivers 
will drive the electric generators that in turn will supply electric 
energy to propel the machinery in our factories and the cars upon 
our railways. We rest content in the belief that nature has so boun¬ 
tifully endowed the country with water power that the exhaustion 
of our coal resources will, in large part at least, he compensated for 
by additional hydroelectric development. 

We vaguely realize, if we condescend to think about it at all, that 
when such a time shall have arrived, in some distant generation, that 
centers of manufacturing must change and things generally undergo 
a radical realignment. And then we remember that the problem is, 
after all, one for distant posterity, and that posterity should shift 
for itself and we drowsily mutter “laisscz fairc” and forget the future 
in our supreme self-satisfaction in the present. 

Those of us who believe that posterity must settle these problems 
of heat, light, and power are living in a fool’s paradise, and must 
inevitably awaken within the next few years to face, subdued and 
chastened, the real truth. 

The operation of hydroelectric generators, of railways and trolley 
cars, of the machinery of the factories, of internal-combustion engines, 
of our battleships and our merchant ships, in fact, of all machinery, 
is made possible by the use of one product, and of one product alone— 
petroleum. 

For it there is no known satisfactory substitute as a lubricant; 
its exhaustion spells commercial chaos or commercial subjugation by 
the nation or nations that control the future source of supply from 
which petroleum will be derived. There is but one escape, and that is 
the discovery of some substitute, now unknown, that will as effica¬ 
ciously and economically lubricate the machinery of the nation, from 
the handicraft of the watchmaker to the dreadnaught of the Navy. 

5 




6 EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM EESOURCKS OF UNITED STATES. 


As long ago as 1909 the United States Geological Survey in Bulletin 
394, Conservation of Mineral Resources, sounded the tocsin of alarm. 
Probably not one citizen in ten thousand read the report and probably 
many who did have forgotten its terrific significance. I am inclined to 
believe that as a State document to be read and memorized by 
Members of Congress it easily ranks first in the publications of the 
Geological Survey. 

From Bulletin 394, page 33, I quote as follows: 

In each petroleum field it has become necessary for the pipe-line companies and for 
the producers themselves to locate on detailed maps every well as it is drilled, dis¬ 
tinguishing the productive from dry wells, in order that the limitations of each field 
may be promptly determined. From these maps, principally, with the aid of many 
independent data collected bv himself, Dr. F. H. Oliphant has compiled a map of the 
petroleum fields in the United States which is appended to this report. The following 
table, giving in square miles the area of petroleum territory in each State, has been 
compiled from measurements of the areas on this map, revisions being made from the 
map recently published by Dr. I. C. White, State geologist of West Virginia, and from 
data supplied by Dr. H. Foster Bain, director of the geological survey of Illinois; Ralph 
Arnold, in charge of the petroleum investigations in California for the United States 
Geological Survey; A. C. V e atch for Wyoming; Dr. J. A. Bownocker, State geologist of 
Ohio; and by Dr. Oliphant himself. The figures here given are merely general ap¬ 
proximations, which lack very much in uniformity. In some States the area shows 
simply actual “proved territory. ” In others, as in Alabama, it indicates the region 
in which the future production of petroleum is probable. In many others consider¬ 
able territory is included between individual pools, which in all probability will prove 
to be barren, and while the extensions of “proved territory” will, to a certain extent, 
offset that which proves eventually to be barren, the table is, at best, a rough approxi¬ 
mation. It takes no account whatever of the fact that other fields now altogether 
unknown will be developed in the future. 

Table A. 


State. 

Square 

miles. 

State. . 

Square 

miles. 

State. 

Square 

miles. 

Alaska. 

100 

Louisiana. 

60 

Pennsylvania. 

2,000 

Alabama. 

50 

Michigan. 

80 

Tennessee. 

80 

California. 

850 

Missouri. 

30 

Texas. 

400 

Colorado. 

200 

New Mexico. 

80 

Utah. 

40 

Idaho. 

10 

New York. 

300 

West Virginia. 

570 

Illinois. 

200 

Ohio: 


Wyoming. 

750 

Indiana. 

1 000 

Eastern. 

115 



Kansas. 

200 

Western. 

535 

Total. 

8,450 

Kentucky. 

400 

Oklahoma. 

400 









The thickness most frequently reported for the “pay sands” of various fields is nor¬ 
mally much in excess of 5 feet. In Pennsylvania the reported thickness of petroleum- 
beaiing strata will average more than this, and frequently more than one stratum has 
been noted in the same well, and yet, as will be shown in the tables of production 
below, the average yield in Pennsylvania per acre has been less than 800 barrels, and 
at the present rate of decline it is not probable that more than 800 barrels per acre will 
be obtained on the average in New York and Pennsylvania. It is fair to assume that 
1,000 barrels per acre is a sufficient allowance for New York, Pennsylvania, West 
Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Indiana. In Illinois, where the yields 
have been unusually great on account of “pay” streaks approximating 25 feet on 
the average, Dr. Bain estimates 8,000 barrels per acre as the result of conferences with 
the producers. This is taking into consideration the fact that in the northern por¬ 
tions of the field the yield is frequently not greater than 2,500 barrels per acre. In the 
Texas field the supply is better calculated by consideration of the amount already 
yielded and the rate of decline, from which it is estimated that the Texas fields will 
surely yield 200,000,000 barrels and Louisiana 50,000,000 barrels. In Oklahoma the 
remaining productive capacity is estimated by Mr. W. J. Reed, of the United States 
Geological Survey, at a minimum of 282,875,000 barrels. In the remaining fields, 
outside of California, 1,000 barrels per acre is believed to be a sufficient allowance for 
the known fields. 











































EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 7 


In California very careful measurements by Mr. Arnold have resulted in an estimate 
of 8,500,000,000 barrels of petroleum stored in the rocks of that State, of which, per¬ 
haps, 5,000,000,000 barrels may be expected to be produced. Recognizing that the 
amount of oil obtainable from these known fields is a matter largely of conjecture, it 
can only be based as above, upon what the fields have already yielded and upon the 
thickness and relative porosity of the sands; but estimates of different authorities 
must vary between wide limits, and this should be borne in mind in considering the 
following table: 


Table B.— Estimated minimum and maximum total yield of petroleum fields of the 

United States. 


< 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

Appalachian field. 

2,000,000,000 
1,000,000,000 

5,000 000,000 

Lima-Indiana field. 

3,000,000,000 

Illinois field. 

350,000,000 

1,000,000,000 

1,000,000,000 

Mid-Continent field. 

400,000,000 

Gulf field. 

250,000,000 

i'ooo'ooo '000 

California field. 

5,000,000,000 

8,500,000,000 
5,000,000,000 

Minor fields. 

l'ooo^ ooo'ooo 



Total. 

10,000,000,000 

24,500,000,000 




Bearing in mind that these figures were compiled in 1908 and pub¬ 
lished in 1909, it is desirable to compare them with the figures sub¬ 
mitted by the Geological Survey to Congress in February, 1916— 
some seven years subsequent to the compilation of the figures above 
quoted. 

These figures, as published in Senate Document No. 310, are as 
follows: 

What known fields or areas are yet undeveloped, and what are their possibilities 
for oil and gasoline production in the United States and elsew T here? 

Adjacent to or near many of the productive areas already discovered in the major 
oil fields of the United States there are additional areas which are to be regarded as 
prospective oil territory, because they include geological formations that elsewhere 
carry oil and because they either possess known or inferred geologic structures 
favorable to oil accumulation or disclose surface indications of oil. Other regions more 
remote, but also presenting favorable geologic conditions so far as they can be observed 
at the surface, must likewise be counted, though in many cases with less confidence 
among the probable or possible oil fields of the future. 

Taking into account the productive possibilities, not only of pools already demon¬ 
strated to contain oil, as noted in answer to question 5, but also of these untested areas 
in which the geologic evidence is promising, the following conservative estimates of 
the percentage of exhaustion and of the quantity of petroleum that remains available 
for commercial extraction in the respective regions are submitted: 

Table C. 


Appalachian. 

Lima-Indiana. 

Illinois. 

Mid-Continent. 

North Texas. 

Northwest Louisiana... 

Gulf. 

Colorado. 

Wyoming and Montana 
California. 


Field. 


Estimated 
percentage 
of exhaus¬ 
tion of 
total oil 
content. 


Petroleum 
remaining 
in fields 
(millions 
of barrels). 


70 

93 

51 

25 
8 

22 

13 

65 

2 

26 


481 

31 

244 

1,874 

484 

124 

1,500 

6 

540 

2,345 


7,629 


Total 
















































8 EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 


In addition to the major fields considered in the foregoing list, the Territory of 
Alaska and the States of Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Michigan, Arkansas, Alabama, 
Nebraska, Missouri, Washington, and Mississippi contain areas of potential oil pro¬ 
duction which may add 75,000,000 barrels or more to the above total. 

The possibilities of finding oil in Oregon, North Dakota, South Dakota, and in the 
coastal regions of the Middle and South Atlantic States, which have not been included 
in the above estimates, should not be overlooked. 

The possibilities of gasoline production might be calculated by applying the pres¬ 
ent gasoline factor given for each field in the table in the answer to questions 3 and 4, 
but on the one hand this gasoline content has been known to decrease materially even 
during the life of a pool and on the other hand it is expected that the gasoline factor 
will be increased largely as stated in the answer to question 8. No estimates are 
warranted for possibilities outside the United States. (Gasoline—S. Doc. No. 310.) 

The comparison is noteworthy in that after seven years of addi¬ 
tional development by oil operators and study by the survey the net 
result is an estimate but little increasing the former minimum. In 
other words, we are to-day relying, in the main, on the same general 
areas that we relied upon 10 years ago. If the same condition is to 
continue for the coming decade, it is clear that we must face a con¬ 
dition of acute shortage unless foreign sources are drawn upon to 
make up the deficit. In any event prices must advance. 

Any mathematically exact estimate of the petroleum originally 
contained in or yet to be extracted from the rock formations of the 
United States is of course impossible, but that an intelligent esti¬ 
mate can be arrived at by careful geological reconnaissance and cor¬ 
relation of existing historical data is sufficiently obvious to need 
neither defense nor argument. Calculations of this nature have 
engaged the attention ot not only the United States Geological Sur¬ 
vey, but of geologists and engineers in the employ of some of the 
great petroleum-producing companies, and it is significant that by 
entirely different methods and without any knowledge of each other’s 
work approximately similar results have been arrived at in certain 
localities where independent investigations have been made. 

Until the rate of consumption has been ascertained for past years 
and a ratio of increase for the future calculated, the mere statement 
of quantity available has no particular significance. The statistics 
of production have, fortunately, been carefully kept and are here 
copied from Petroleum in 1914 issued by the United States Geological 
Survey. 



World’s marketed production of crude petroleum, 1857-1914, by years and by countries, in barrels of 42 gallons. 


EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 


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10 


EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 


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EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 11 

The study of this table will reveal not only the tremendous increase 
in production in the United States but its overpowering position in the 
production of the petroleum of the world. If we assume an approxi¬ 
mate annual increase of 5 per cent of the previous year’s production 
as the probable requirements for the period 1915 to 1925, it will be 
necessary to command a production of 409,000,000 barrels in 1925 to 
meet the demands of consumption. Idle question immediately arises, 
Where is our future supply to come from in the light of the already 
quoted tables ? 

It is the consensus of opinion that the Appalachian, Lima-Indiana, 
and Illinois fields can not possibly increase their production, but must, 
year by year, show a constant decline. To demonstrate this, consider 
first the percentage of exhaustion, as estimated in Table C; that is, 
70 per cent for the Appalachian; 93 per cent for Lima-Indiana; and 
51 per cent for Illinois. 

In addition, refer to Table D, and look for the year of highest pro¬ 
duction and note how many years have, in several cases elapsed since 
the fields were at their zenith. 


Table D. 

Marketed production of petroleum in the United States, 1859-1914, by years and by States, in barrels of 42 gallons. 


12 


EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 


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1891 


EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 13 


30,526,553 
25,906,463 
28,950,326 
35,522,095 
57,632,296 

58, 518,709 
40,874,072 
44,193,359 

64,603,904 

75,989,313 

66,417,334 

71,178,910 

94,694,050 

101,175,455 

84,157,399 

92,444,735 

120,106, 749 

129,079,184 

128,328,487 

129,899,688 

134,044,752 

164,213,247 

237,121,388 

214,125,215 

2,789,829,745 

54,292,655 

50,514,657 

48,431,066 

49,344,516 

52,892,276 

60,960,361 
60,475,516 
55,364,233 
57,070,850 
63,620, 529 

69,389,194 
88,766,916 
100,461,337 

117,080,960 

134,717,580 

126,493,936 

166,095,335 

178, 527,355 

183,170,874 

209,557,248 

220,449, 391 

222,935,044 

248,446,230 

265, 762,535 

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917,771 
2,958,958 
8,910,416 

9,077,528 
5,000,221 
5, 788,874 

3,059,531 

6,841,395 

10, 720,420; 

9,263,439 

12,498, 828: 

14,309,435 

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14 EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 

In reality, there are only three great known fields to-day that can 
materially increase their production: Mid-Continent, Gulf, and 
California, and regarding these grave doubts are entertained by many 
authorities. It is highly improbable that these fields will be able to 
meet the increasing demands of 5 per cent of the previous year’s 
total, culminating for the 10-year period ending in 1925 with require¬ 
ments of over 400,000,000 barrels. The answer is plain, either the 
development of unknown fields or importation from foreign countries. 

To judge of the probabilities of the development of new fields in the 
United States, we must consider the. history of the present fields. 
A study of Table D will show the time over which these fields have 
been producing and the rate of increase. There seems to be little 
prospect of fields of equal magnitude being discovered in other parts 
of the United States. 

In this connection it is worthy of note that the Southern Pacific 
Co. has already been forced to seek in Mexico a supply of fuel oil to 
meet the requirements of the Atlantic System. Spindletop was dis¬ 
covered in 1901; only 15 years ago Texas was flooded with oil and to¬ 
day the Southern Pacific is forced to turn to Mexico. 

Assuming the annual consumption to remain stationary, that is, at 
266,000,000 barrels and using the latest Geological Survey estimate 
of 7,629,000,000, there is oil enough for about 28 years. This, how¬ 
ever, does not tell the entire story for two reasons: 

First. Because the rate of consumption will not remain stationary, but must inev¬ 
itably increase; and 

Second. Because the curve of decline of production of an oil well is such that ap¬ 
proximately 70 per cent of the total may be expected in the first 7 years; an addi¬ 
tional 20 per cent in the next 7 years; and the remaining 10 per cent in 15 to 20 years 
additional, or a total well life of, say, 30 to 35 years. 

Reference of the these figures of well life to any practical and intel¬ 
ligent oil operator or to any geologist or engineer familiar with petro¬ 
leum production will, in all probability, elicit the statement that the 
figures are, if anything, ultraconservative. From Bulletin 394 I 
quote as follows: 

Even after 20 years many of such wells are still being pumped with a production 
reduced to one-tenth of a barrel per day. The experience of petroleum producers 
in Pennsylvania has shown seven years to be a fair average life of a well. 

What, then, is the conclusion to be drawn ? Is it not, at best, that 
the United States may be able for the next few years (5 to 10) to meet 
the increased demands for petroleum and that thereafter the produc¬ 
tion may remain stationary for another short period, following which 
there will be a period of 20 or more years during which the production 
will decrease from year to year, while consumption increases, causing 
greater and greater imports from foreign fields and higher prices, cul¬ 
minating in acute shortage? 

If we are to add to the life of the industry, new fields must be dis¬ 
covered or new methods of exploitation devised. But admitting, for 
the sake of argument, that fields will be discovered equal in area and 
productivity to those already outlined, we would yet be in a position 
far from satisfactory owing to the rapid increase in consumption. 

Consider the requirements of 409,000,000 barrels in 1925, and ad¬ 
mitting no further increase in consumption and a total reserve supply 
then remaining of 15,000,000,000 barrels (about twice the present 
estimated reserves), that supply would last for a little less than 40 


EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 15 


years, presuming it could all be extracted as needed, which has 
already been shown to be an impossibility. 

Viewed from any angle, the situation is highly unsatisfactory and de¬ 
mands immediate consideration in an attempt not only to husband what 
we have but to add to our reserves by securing foreign sources of supply. 

In considering the present waste in the production of oil, it is 
difficult to speak dispassionately and judiciously. 

Id. P. McLaughlin, of the California State Mining Bureau, in 
Bulletin 69, the Petroleum Industry of California, writes as follows: 

It has been well said and amply demonstrated that success in the oil business 
depends upon the use of brains, money, and incidentally on luck. Many failures in 
the business owe their poor position to the reversal oi order of application of the three 
factors, the use of brains being apparently postponed until a final emergency. Too 
many persons have gone from the height of expectation, where they assumed that 
unlimited success would follow a rash expenditure, to the depths of despondency, 
where they assumed that the success of others had only followed dishonesty. As a 
result, we now see a considerable portion of our great natural resource being taken 
from beneath the earth and disposed of without adequate profit to the producer, 
some portion of it even leaving the country and being burned entirely to the profit 
of strangers. Following on the heels of such unprofitable development we see immense 
quantities of our liquid wealth being absolutely lost because op arators are financially 
unable to properly protect the lands from encroaching floods of water. Most unfortu¬ 
nate of all, we see out producers and marketers engaged in such bitter strife and com¬ 
petition that foreign capitalists are urged to purchase and conduct one of our greatest 
industries, an abject confession that we lack brains enough to cooperate in an industry 
supremely and essentially American. It is easily possible that our own national ex¬ 
istence might be threatened by allowing this naval fuel to fall into foreign coutrol. 

The oil-producing industry has been burdened with a multitude 
of small producing companies, often officered by men utterly un¬ 
familiar with the business, whose sole aim has been to produce oil 
regardless of the requirements of the market. It may almost be laid 
down as axiomatic that there can be no satisfactory condition in the pe¬ 
troleum-producing industry until there is some intelligent coordination 
between the running of the drill and the requirements of the market. 

In California, and I presume the statement will apply elsewhere, 
oil has been produced entirely regardless of market requirements; 
it has been left lying in earthen sumps to evaporate and seep away 
for want of proper steel or concrete storage. And if this was not 
enough, it has been wantonly burned under boilers in the oil fields, in 
place of using gas or hydroelectric power. 

The analysis of a sample of Coalinga crude oil is here given as an 
example of the heavy oils of the State: 

Laboratory distillation. 


[Gravity of oil=15.5° Baume.] 


Fraction degrees. 

Per¬ 

centage. 

Approxi¬ 

mate 

gravity 

Baumd. 

Commercial designa¬ 
tion. 

n-'j'in 0 o . 

1.75 

33 

Stove oil; gas oil. 

9^0-27 V O . 

5.00 

29 

Do. 

Diesel oil; gas oil. 

oyr: onr\° r; . 

7.50 

26.5 

300-395° o . 

12.00 

24 

Do. 

Lubricating stocks. 

395_35Q° P . 

25.00 

21.5 

350-335° f! . 

15.00 

19 

Do. 


30. 00 


Asphalt. 


3.75 




100. 00 




























16 EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 

Bear in mind that the great bulk of this oil is to-day being burned 
as crude fuel oil without any refining and that we are destroying 
priceless lubricating stock without adequate financial reward and 
with utter disregard of the Nation’s future requirements. 

The policy of the Standard Oil Co. is in sharp contrast. They are 
content to find a market for their refinery residuum, given which, they 
make no further effoit to sell fuel oil. One is tempted to inquire as to 
the relationship to the State as between the Standard Oil Co., which 
extracts every product before selling the residuum for fuel and the 
small producer who sells crude oil for fuel without any intermediate 
refining—-the one conserving the Nation’s resources, the other de¬ 
stroying them. 

It has been estimated that 5,000,000 barrels of oil is annually lost 
in California by seepage and evapoiation and that another 5,000,000 
is burned under boilers in the oil fields for fuel in place of using gas 
or hydroelectric power. Ten million barrels a year of preventable 
waste. And the exhaustion of our known oil reserves well within 
sight. 

Oil is one of the very few migratory minerals. Giving the following 
condition on 640 acres of oil land, where 16 companies each own 
40 acres: 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

I 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

P 


This is by no means an exaggerated conception. Companies 
owning as little as 10 and 20 acres are not uncommon. When A 
drills a well in his southeast corner, B, E, and F must drill offsetting 
wells or suffer their property to be drained. For every corner wen 
so drilled three other corner wells must be drilled, and for every 
line well an offsetting line well must be drilled in self-protection. In 
times of overproduction F can not afford to shut down, because A, 
B, C, G, E, I, J, and K, or any combination of them, may refuse to 
do likewise. It follows that the oil in the ground of F is not only 
extracted by his neighbors, but the underground flow is diverted 
from his wells, with resultant loss in daily production when he again 
starts up. 

In other words, curtailing or entirely suspending production is 
viewed by the oil man as a calamity and only to be considered on 
large tracts and on wells remote from boundary lines. 

Because of these conditions curtailment of production comes only 
as the result of curtailed drilling operations and natural decline of 
producing wells. In the case of the last California surplusage it 
required five years to correct the evil, during which time conditions 
have been so acute that proposals were even made to burn large 
quantities of oil to relieve the congestion and advance the price. 
The small producer, no matter what happens, is between the upper 










EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 17 

and nether millstone. He is powerless to control his own or his 
neighbor s production; he can not avail himself of the profits arising 
from the refining and marketing of petroleum and its products for 
the reason that he has nothing upon which to justify the investment 
of the necessary capital to build pipe lines, ships, and distributing 
stations that, roughly speaking, require $1,000 per barrel of daily 
capacity. 

In other words, to handle 25,000 barrels of oil per day, gather, 
transport, refine, and market, will require an investment o? $25,- 
000,000. This is the economical unit in California for the reason 
that it is the capacity of a standard 8-inch pipe line. The only alter¬ 
native is to sell his product for what it will bring for use as crude 
fuel oil or for refining in the refinery of one of the large marketing 
companies and at prices fixed by the producers in competition with 
each other. 

The increase in the demand for petroleum products will come not 
alone because of the increasing demand for gasoline, Diesel engine 
oil, and crude fuel oil, but also because of the increasing demand for 
lubricants. It has been computed, roughly speaking, that the 
machinery of the Nation requires approximately 1 gallon of oil 
to each 300 horsepower per day. Every automobile built but adds 
to the demand for lubricating oil, every ship launched, every car, 
every locomotive, must be supplied with lubricants, and petroleum 
is the only known source of supply. 

The Navy is demanding that lands be withdrawn and naval fuel 
reserves created for the purpose of supplying battleships with 
liquid fuel, forgetting that in the burning of oil they are con¬ 
suming the very lubricants without which our war vessels must lie 
“as idle as a painted ship upon a painted ocean.” If the Navy 
must have fuel oil, let it by all means have first call upon all refinery 
residuum. That it should burn crude oil with all of its valuable 
by-products unextracted, is unthinkable. 

There is at the present time one foreign source of supply that 
looms large upon the horizon. I refer to Mexico. At present, it is 
generally conceded by oil operators and geologists that the great oil 
field of the world is on the east coast of Mexico in the territory north 
and south of Tampico. It is even predicted that this area will 
produce a quantity of oil in excess of that to come ultimately from 
the petroleum formations of the United States. 

Be that as it may, and nothing but time and development will 
answer the question, it is certain that these Mexican fields will 
produce very large quantities of oil. The magnitude of the wells is 
unequaled elsewhere throughout the world and the probable oil 
bearing area so great that it is within the bounds of safety to predict 
a rapidly increasing and total enormous production. 

The location of these lands within a few miles of tidewater, their 
proximity to the Panama Canal, to North, South, and Central 
American points, gives them a unique value. Three hundred and 
fifty miles of steamer transportation and 175 miles of pipe line across 
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec will deliver this oil on the west coast 
of Mexico at a point so advantageously situated that it completely 
commands all markets south of Los Angeles to and including Chile. 


S. Doc. 363, 64-1——2 



18 EXHAUSTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF UNITED STATES. 

Its location is fortunate for the United States, for it is probably 
the great source of supply to which the United States must turn in 
the not distant future. 

It is significant that President Runciman, of the Board of Trade 
of Great Britain, in the House of Parliament said, in the course of an 
address on January 10, 1916, that the future policy of Great Britain 
would be not only to control the coal of the world, but the supply of 
oil as well. We have been officially put upon notice and it needed 
but this culminating bit of testimony to prove a case already well 
understood by thoughtful students of the petroleum industry. 

It is a well-known fact that the Union and probably the Associated 
Oil companies of California would have passed into British owner¬ 
ship had not war broken out. 

The 20-year contract with the Mexican Petroleum Co. was but the 
entering wedge looking to the ultimate control of that company by 
English interests. The Aguila Co., dominated by Lord Cowdray, 
now owns, next,to the Mexican Petroleum Co., the greatest holdings 
of oil lands in Mexico. With the Mexican Petroleum, the British 
would dominate Mexico beyond hope of any serious competition. 

In the exhaustion of its oil lands and with no assured source of 
domestic supply in sight, the United States is confronted with a 
national crisis of the first magnitude. Petroleum is known to exist 
in the Philippines, but we have made no effort to develop it and now 
we are to surrender the islands. Mexico contains the great oil field 
of the world. 

We must either plan for the future or we must pass into a condi¬ 
tion of commercial vassalage, in time of peace relying on some 
foreign country for the petroleum wherewith to lubricate the high¬ 
ways of commerce, in time of war at the mercy of the enemy who 
may either control the source of supply or the means of transporta¬ 
tion; in either event our railways and factories will cease operation, 
our battleships will swing helplessly at anchor, and our country will 
resound with the martial tread of a triumphant foe. 

M. L. Requa. 

San Francisco, February 21, 1916. 

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